UNIT# 01
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Element:
A
substance composed of atoms with same atomic number is called element.
Compound
A
substance containing more than one element is called compound. For example
water, carbon dioxide, sugar etc.
Molecule
A
group of atoms bonded together is called molecule.
Photosynthesis
The
conversion of water and carbon dioxide by plants into glucose and oxygen is
called photosynthesis
Q-A Select
the best answers for the following questions.
|
1. |
Science is originated from a Latin world Scientia,
which means to…… a.
Know b.
Act c.
Teach d.
Behave |
|
2. |
The Muslims period of science ranges from…. a.
1st to
6th century A.D b.
7th to 13th century
A.D c.
14th
to 16th century A.D d.
17th
to 20th century A.D |
|
3. |
Al-Havi was the name of book written by: a.
Jabir
Bin Hayyan b.
Bu Ali
Sina c.
Al
Bairuni d.
Al-Razi |
|
4. |
Astronomy is the branch of science, which
deals with: a.
Heavenly bodies b.
Earthern
bodies c.
Bodies
in oceans d.
Anti-bodies |
|
5. |
What was the most important approach of Muslim
scientists for solving scientific problems? a.
Practical and experimentation approach b.
Theoretical
approach c.
Philosophical
approach d.
None of
these |
|
6. |
The scientific method of inquiry is
different from other methods of inquiry because it: a.
Requires that hypotheses
be tested empirically b.
Is
limited to experimental research c.
Does not
require revision and retesting of hypotheses that are not fully supported d.
All of
the above |
|
7. |
________is a medical test involving the
removal of cells or tissues for examination. a.
Sonography b.
X-Ray c.
Biopsy d.
M.R.I |
|
8. |
Qanoon-al-Masoodi Fil Hayat wan-Najoom was
written by: a.
Jabir
bin Hayyan b.
Bu Ali
Sina c.
Al Bairuni d.
Al Razi |
|
9. |
Al-Qanoon Fil-Tib was written by: a.
Jabir
bin Hayyan b.
Bu Ali Sina c.
Al
Bairuni d.
Ali Razi |
|
10. |
Who was the first physician to describe the
meningitis? a.
Jabir
bin Hayyan b.
Bu Ali SIna c.
Al
Bairuni d.
Al Razi |
|
11. |
Who developed the atomic theory of matter? a.
John Dalton b.
Michael
Faraday c.
James
Maxwell d.
Charles
Darwin |
|
12. |
Which science deals with matter and energy
and describe the material universe in term of weight, mass etc. a.
Life
Science b.
Earth
Science c.
Physical Science d.
None of
these |
B.
Answer the following questions in
details.
Q-1. Define
science? Describe how the nature of science makes it different from other modes
of knowing?
Ans-1 Definitions
of Science:
1.
Organized form of knowledge obtained by observation and experimentation is
called science.
2. Science
is the knowledge, which is systematic, tested and brought under general
principles.
Nature of science is different from other
modes of knowledge
Nature
of science is different from other modes of knowledge on following grounds:-
1.
In
order to study science scientific method is used while in other modes of
knowledge it is not necessary.
2.
The
systematic approach to the study of science has made it different from other
branches of knowledge like history, literature etc.
Q-2. Write
the contributions of three famous scientists of Pakistan?
Ans-2 Famous
Pakistani Scientists
Dr.
Abdus Salam, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan and Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand are very famous
Pakistani scientists. Their contribution in the field of science is as under:-
1. Dr. Abdus Salam
He was born in 1926 in Jhang, Punjab
and died on 1996.
Famous
work:
He was a physicist and was famous for theory of Grand unification theory. He was awarded Nobel Prize in 1979 for his work.
2. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan
He was born in1936 in Bhopal, India.
Famous
work:
He is a
Pakistani nuclear scientist. He is famous for nuclear program in Pakistan. He
along with other scientists tested nuclear devices at Chaghi Balochistan on May
28, 1998.
3. Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand
He was born in Rawalpindi in 1942.
Famous
work:
He is a
Pakistani nuclear scientist. He is famous for nuclear program and missile technology
in Pakistan.
Q-3. Muslim scientists made significant
contributions in the field of Science. Write some of the prominent
contributions of Jaber bin Hayyan, Bu Ali Sina and Ibni Ul Haitham in the field
of Science?
Ans-2
1. Jaber Bin Hayyan
He was born in 722 A.D and died in
817. He is known as father of chemistry.
Famous
work:
1.
He
invented sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Nitric acid (HNO3),
Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) and several other important compounds.
2.
He
worked on some chemical reactions.
3.
He
introduced some important scientific techniques like crystallization,
distillation, sublimation and evaporation.
2. Bu Ali
Sina
He was born in 980 A.D and died in 1037.
He was the greatest scientist of his time.
Famous
work:
1.
He
wrote more than 100 books on medicines, science, philosophy and literature.
2.
He
also wrote about physics, chemistry, arithmetic, biology and music.
3.
His
famous books on medicine are Al - Qanoon
Fil - Tib and Al - Shifa.
4.
He
also worked on bacterial infection called meningitis, parts of eye and heart
valves.
3. Ibni
Ul Haitham
He was born in 965 A.D and died in 1039.
He was the famous physicist and scientist of his time. He is known as the father of optics.
Famous
work:
1.
He
explained on the principles of reflection and refraction of light.
2.
He
worked on lenses and function of eye.
3.
He
wrote a book Kitab Al Manazir.
Q-4. Do
you think The Holy Quran gives due importance to the acquisition of knowledge
and it compels its readers to ponder over the various processes and phenomena occurring
in the universe. Support your answer by quoting some verses of The Holy Quran.
Ans-4 The Holy Quran and acquisition of knowledge
The Holy
Quran gives a lot of importance to the acquisition of knowledge. Following are
some verses from The Holy Quran that stresses the acquisition of knowledge and
search.
1.
“They Ponder over the creation of earth and
heavens”. (Sura Al Imran. 191)
2.
“Indeed the creation of earth and heavens,
the difference of day and night are the indications for the wise and
intelligent”. (Sura Al Imran. 190)
3.
“And He is the Allah, who created every
living thing from water, out of them, some crawl, some are tetra-pods and some
are bipedal. Allah creates what He pleases. He the almighty and creator”.
(Sura Noor. 45)
Q-5. Give
detail account of different branches of science and their relationship with
each other?
Ans-5 Branches of Science:
Following
are some major branches of science
1. Physical
Sciences:
It deals with matter and energy. It
discusses about the weight, mass, volume and
other standard objectives measures of the
matter.
2. Earth
Sciences:
It
explains the phenomena of Earth, its atmosphere and also the solar system.
3. Life
Sciences:
This
branch of science deals with the study of living organisms, their internal
processes and their relationship to each other and the environment.
Relationship between different
branches of Science
1.
All
the above branches of science are interrelated with one another.
2.
For
example light is the energy source behind the process of photosynthesis or food
production.
3.
Another
example is the chemical process in living organisms.
4.
Other
examples are biophysics, biostatistics and environmental chemistry.
Q-6. List
down some of the important developments in the medical field which have
provided relief to humanity?
Ans-6 Developments
in the medical field
Some of the important developments in the
medical field are as under:-
1.
Many
diseases have been controlled with the help vaccines and drugs. e.g. Cholera,
Typhoid, Polio and Pneumonia.
2.
The
modern scientific studies have discovered each and every part of human body and
its working.
3.
Many
instruments have been devised for the proper diagnosis of the diseases e.g
X-Rays, Sonography and biopsy etc.
4.
Laser
technology is used for the treatment of cancer and microsurgery.
5.
Repair
of heart valves, the bypass grafting is all due to modern medical science.
6.
Transplant
of eye, heart, kidneys and lungs is another example of advancement in medical
science.
7.
Research
work is also in progress to find cure for a number of diseases.
Q-7. What
is the contribution of developments taken place in the field of agriculture and
medicines for the welfare of mankind?
Ans-7 Developments
in the field of agriculture
1.
The
modern technology has made the agriculture a profitable business.
2.
Use
of modern machines have greatly helped man to get maximum production e.g.
tractors, scrapers, harvesters and tube wells.
3.
Modern
technology has helped the man to overcome on water logging and salinity.
4.
Genetic
engineering technology has helped to increase the production by producing
disease free seeds.
Developments in the field of medicines
1.
Many
diseases have been controlled with the help vaccines and drugs. e.g. Cholera,
Typhoid, Polio and Pneumonia.
2.
The
modern scientific studies have discovered each and every part of human body and
its working.
3.
Laser
technology is used for the treatment of cancer and microsurgery.
4.
Research
work is also in progress to find cure for a number of diseases.
Q-8. Write
some important contributions of Greek in the field of science.
Ans-8 Science
in Greek Period
During this period great philosophers
and scientists contributed to the knowledge of science. Aristotle, Archimedes,
Galen and Pythagoras are famous scientists of this age.
1.
Greeks
for the first time tried to develop theory on the basis of observations.
2.
Pythagoras
did a lot of work in the field of mathematics.
3.
Aristotle
and Plato developed logical methods for examining the things.
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